Atomic Theory And The Study Of Matter - 1304 Words

Atomic Theory and the Study of Matter Matter is anything made up of atoms and molecules and the study of these â€Å"things† called atoms dates back to the time of Ancient Greece to the present. The information about atoms known today is certainly much greater than what was known centuries ago. First, there was only hypotheses on this idea that everything in the world is made up of tiny, unseeable particles. As technology advanced, these hypotheses were tested, critiqued, modified, and built upon. A mass of knowledge is known regarding atoms, thanks to the research of numerous chemists and physicists. The atomic theory is the building block to the study of matter just as the atom is the building block to all matter. Around 400 BCE was when the Greek philosopher Democritus, alone with his teacher Leucippus, the idea of the atom was born (the word atom comes from the Greek word â€Å"atomos† or â€Å"atomon† meaning â€Å"that which cannot be split†). This w as a completely new concept, and Democritus’s theory stated that atoms were indestructible and homogenous, and different states of matter were made up of differently shaped atoms: solids had sharp and pointy atoms and liquids had large round atoms. Later these ideas would be proved inaccurate, however, this was the beginning of the discovery of the atom even though the people of this time had no instruments capable of testing the theory. It was not until centuries later that the atomic theory was truly looked at again. In 1803 an EnglishShow MoreRelatedHistory of Chemistry: The Influence of John Dalton Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Dalton was a renowned chemist born in Eaglesfield, England on September 6th, 1766. Dalton is known for his teachings of James Prescott Joule, the atomic theory, and Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures. Dalton did much to contribute to the wide world of chemistry as a whole. Dalton is best known for his contribution to the modern atomic t heory. Born in 1766, John Dalton faced many obstacles while studying chemistry. Although many obstacles were faced, Dalton still achieved becoming one of the bestRead MoreEssay on Scientific Contributions of John Dalton566 Words   |  3 PagesScientific Contributions of John Dalton John Dalton (1766-1844), was a British chemist and physicist, who developed the atomic theory upon which modern physical science is based. Dalton was born on September 6, 1766, in Eaglesfield, Cumberland County, England. He was the son of a weaver and was initially educated by his father and then at Quaker school in his hometown, where he began teaching at the age of 12. In 1781 he moved to Kendal, where he headed up a school with hisRead MoreThe Physics Of The Atomic Theory1297 Words   |  6 Pages Matter is anything made up of atoms and molecules and the study of these â€Å"things† called atoms dates back to the time of Ancient Greece to the present. The information about atoms known today is certainly much greater than what was known centuries ago. First, there were only hypotheses on this idea that everything in the world is made up of tiny, unseeable particles. As technology advanced, these hypotheses were tested, critiqued, modified, and built upon. A mass of knowledge is known regardingRead MoreThe History Of Atomic Structure1504 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2015 The History of Atomic Structure For many years Greek philosophers were intrigued by the question of what matter consists of(Lucretius 31). In the fifth century BC, Democritus was the first philosopher to come up with a coherent atom theory. Based upon the reasoning that a stone can be split in half an infinite number of times, he hypothesized that at some point the stone would be too small for the eye to see. Democritus categorized such miniscule fragments of matter as â€Å"atomos† . WithoutRead MoreThe History Of Atomic Structure1720 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Atomic Structure What is the atomic structure you may ask? Well, it’s the law stating the structure of an atom. It is composed of a positively charged nucleus containing a certain amount of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral charge), and electrons (negative). The amount of each subatomic particle (proton, neutron, and electron) all depend on what the element is. Now although this statement may seem fairly simple it was most definitely not. People have been studying the atomic structureRead MoreDmitri Mendeleev: The Development of the Periodic Table Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment of the Periodic Table Introduction: The Periodic Table of Elements is a table that arranges all known chemical elements by order of their atomic numbers. During the 1600s, vast amounts of knowledge about the properties of elements and their compounds were discovered and by 1869 63 elements had been discovered. As more and more elements were discovered, scientists began to recognise similarities between their properties and began to devise means of classification. Thus the periodic tableRead MoreContributions of Famous Scientists to Chemistry Essay example856 Words   |  4 Pageswith Democritus the man who claimed that the atom is the simplest unit of matter. Democritus of ancient greece asked the question could matter be divided into smaller and smaller pieces forever or was there a limit to the number of times a piece of matter could be divided? Democritus had a theory that it would eventually get to small to cut anymore. This piece would be unable to split anymore. He named this indivivsible matter atomos. To Democritus of Greece, atoms were small, hard particles thatRead MoreThe History of Chemistry Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagespractical knowledge was gathered. Some elements such as iron, gold, and copper were recognized. There was also some progress in glass making, metalworking, and alloying. Thales and Aristotle contemplated the nature of matter, and they believed that earth, air, fire and water composed all matter. They thought that they could remove certain qualities like hardness or temperature from common materials to make rarer substances. They did know that iron could be made from certain rock and that bronze was a mixtureRead MoreMarie Curie and the Atomic Theory Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pages The Atomic Theory is a theory that explains what matter is made of. The Atomic theory states that matter can’t be divided as it is made up of minute particles called atoms that cannot be separated. The very word atom is derived from the Greek word Atmos which means indivisible. Atomic theory timeline- Year Person/People Event 442 BCE Democritrus and Leucippus These Greek philosophers came up with the idea that all matter is composed of indivisible elements. 1803 John Dalton British chemist andRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Atom1384 Words   |  6 PagesAn Atom is the the basic building block of all matter. Atoms are made up of Particles, called: Protons, neutrons and Electrons. Protons carry a positive charge, the neutron carry s a neutral charge and the electron carry’s a negative charge. The Atom has two main parts the Nucleus and the Electron Shell. The Nucleus contains the Protons and Neutrons. The electron Shell Contains the The electrons. There are many Scientist that contributed in the investigation of the atom which are: 1- John Dalton

Financial Crisis Of A Single Country - 1671 Words

Table of Contents Summary 2 Financial crisis 3 Impact of financial crisis 4 Effect of financial crisis on different on the economies of different countries 5 Mathematical problems 6 Conclusiom 8 References ..................................................................................................................................................9 Summary Financial crisis has long been a part of global economic recession throughout the history. Here, the purpose of this assignment is to identify the possible reasons for financial crisis and provide implications of the crisis in the context of US sub-prime mortgage crisis. The paper also explains how the financial crisis of a single country can have a multiple effects in other country that can be turned into a global crisis. Some pracrical examples are given here to have a better understanding of the aftermath situation of a financial crisis. In the latter part of this assignment some business valuation models are used to identify the expected return from ordinary shares and preference shares, cost of debt, market value of assets and then weighted average cost of capital are also calculalted. Financial crisis: Financial crisis is a global phenomenon nowadays and especially it has come to focus on after the worldwide financial crisis of 2007-2008. It’s a situation followed by economic downturn or recession caused by banking panics, internal and external shocks, stock market crisis or some otherShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of The European Union1278 Words   |  6 Pagesstates. Does the recent financial and debt crisis provide arguments against regional economic integration? The European Union The European union is an integrated system featuring some if not most of the countries in Europe. It is an economic and political agreement between the European member states that binds countries together through treaties, which have been signed by every country in the union. It was established back in the 1950s but, back then it only featured 19 countries in comparison to nowRead MoreHow Is The 2007 Subprime Mortgage Crisis Different From Other Countries?1186 Words   |  5 PagesHow is the U.S 2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis different from other countries? Carmen and Reinhart paper answers this question in light of historic crisis in Big Five developed countries and compares it with U.S 2007 crisis. In the second paper Kenneth Dam does an international comparison of the weaknesses in the financial regulation which led to the subprime mortgage crisis. The subprime mortgage was invented to give loans to less credit worthy people with higher interest rates. The lowerRead More Federal Reserve Bank Of New York Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesstatement used by a country to summarize an economy’s transactions with the rest of the world by both private and public sectors for a specified time period, usually every quarter or year. It is known as â€Å"Balance of International Payment†, it involves all transactions between a country’s residents and its non-residents involving goods, services and income, financial claims on and liabilities to the rest of the word. If a country has received money, this is known as a â€Å"credit†, and if a country has paid orRead MoreThe Balance Of Payment ( Bop ) Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagesstatement used by a country to summarize an economy’s transactions with the rest of the world by both private and public sectors for a specified time period, usually every quarter or year. It is known as â€Å"Balance of International Payment†, it involves all transactions between a countryâ€℠¢s residents and its non-residents involving goods, services and income, financial claims on and liabilities to the rest of the word. If a country has received money, this is known as a â€Å"credit†, and if a country has paid orRead MoreGreek Debt Crisis1492 Words   |  6 PagesOF THE EU AND IMF IN MITIGATING THE GREEK DEBT CRISIS European Sovereign Debt Crisis Timeline: ⠝â€" 2008, Iceland‘s international banking system collapsed following the collapse of the US financial sector ⠝â€" Late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed concerning some European states. Sovereign debts (Gov’t debt) externally issued rose sharply due to numerous bank bailouts. ⠝â€" 2010, tensions rose in the countries of Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Hungary, and RomaniaRead MoreGreece Economic Crisis Analysis986 Words   |  4 PagesWall street financial market in 2008, Greece become the center of Europe’s economic crisis. With employment rates more than 25 percent, Greece is suffering from a financial crisis equivalent to if not greater than the U.S. Great Depression. The source of the crisis originated in the inefficient management of the Greece’s economy and government finances. Additionally, Greece’s involvement in the euro zone reflected a monetary policy that was at odds with its fiscal policy. The crisis resulted in troikaRead MoreThe European Union And The United States Financial Crisis1143 Words   |  5 Pagesrippling effects of the United States financial crisis. Several member countries, most notably on the southern end of the continent, faced high levels of debt and unemployment. Portugal, Iceland, Ireland, Greece , and Spain, derogatively referred to as â€Å"PIIGS,† required extensive economic support from the EU in order to repay government debts and bail-out private banks. Disbursal of aid in 2010 proved successful in promoting economic recovery in some countries; however, the vast majority observedRead MoreThe European Debt Crisis : A Financial Phenomenon That Affected Multiple Countries Around The World1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe European debt crisis was a financial phenomenon that affected multiple countries around the world and the shockwave almost collapse the global market. One of the countries that were greatly impacted by the crisis was Spain. Some of the implications of the event caused unemployment to skyrocket, debating the role of the European Union and the state Catalonia is seeking their independence. Ultimately, the Euro Crisis showed the weakness of the European Union and debate if it would last into theRead MoreThe Irish Financial Crisis Was Both Predictable an d Preventable. to What Extent Do You Agree with This Statement?1113 Words   |  5 PagesIrish Financial Crisis has attracted much attention recently. Driven by booms in property and lending, it left the society with massive issues such as high unemployment, insolvent banks and huge government deficit(Kelly, 2010, P1). There are many debate surrounding on whether the crisis could be predicted and prevented. This essay will attempt to demonstrate that Irish Financial Crisis was both predictable and preventable. It will first state that Irish Financial Crisis was predictable through theRead MoreImpact Of Monetary Policy In Belgium714 Words   |  3 Pagesof monetary turbulence, the European Community decided to adopt a project of a single European market. In 1989, the Delors Report on economic and monetary policy purposed a three-stage plan for a single currency and European central bank. The plan triggered renewed interest in the Treaty of Rome. In 1992, the Maastricht treaty was s igned that initiated the beginning of the three-stage plan for the adoption of a single-currency system. On Jan 1, 1999, stage 3 of the economic and monetary policy began

Skyrim Review Free Essays

Scrim Review Arthur Underworld Diver university So you’re sitting at home bored for hours on end, and you want something to Just take your mind away from reality and into another world where you can do whatever you as you wish. Well it sounds like you want to play a video game. Actually, it sounds like you want to play Elder Scrolls V: Scrim. We will write a custom essay sample on Skyrim Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a review of the popular cross platform video game commonly referred to as Scrim. I give this game a 9. 75 out of 10 for its amazing graphics, fantastic attention to detail, smooth gamely. Underfed harasser development, and of course, fun story line. The game starts with the main character on the verge of getting executed when he is saved by none other then a giant fire-breathing dragon. You hear from other players that dragons are extinct in this world for centuries. Obviously not. You must decide quickly whether you will escape the burning town with the imperial guard, or with the leader of the rebellion who has recently murdered the king and claims that government is oppressing the natural born peoples to Scrim. This decision is not an important one, but introduces oh to the tact throughout the game you will given choices. Some of which are not simple. Simple this or that choices are prominent, but some are as complicated as do nothing and your reputation will be hindered. You soon find out that you are the dragoon. You have the power of Theme, or voice. You can yell and basically effect the world around you by either doing damage or even become Invisible. The storyline Is complicated and involves twists and plots and quite a lot of dragon killing, and inevitably, dragons killing you. Probably the most annoying part of the game. Eating stuck in a dragon fight that can take some time to finish if your not inept in magic, and all the sudden here comes another dragon, and on a rare occasion, a third or fourth dragon. Leaving you with little ability to defend yourself against an onslaught of dragons that will most likely leave you burnt too crisp on the side of some road, The Elder Scroll series is famous for their use of the guilds. The Dark Brotherhood, an assassins’ guild, the Thieves’ Guild, the Fighters’ Guild, and the Mages guild are all, as expected, playable in this game. I played through all the guilds this time and am glad to report that there is nothing that leaves you wanting more afterward. Being able to sneak around and play a thief or an assassin, making money and getting rewards beyond compare from regular side quests. Becoming the leader of the Mages guild was particularly rewarding, with a room full of loot and Ingredients that always regret, allowing you to restock on potion Items from hard to find Ingredients in the same room. Character development is particularly exciting In this game. Previous role playing Ames allow stats Increases by overall experience and level ups. In Scrim you level up certain buffs such a health regeneration and a big enough armor rating you can actually level up things like armor by attacking a guard and sitting there and letting the guards attack you. In about an hour your armor rating will be at 99, and you sat back and read your homework the whole time. However with skills like conjuration and lock pick, it’s a little harder to level up. Unless you start lock picking, or conjuring monsters early in the game you’ll find yourself with a pathetically low level near the ND of the game and needing to make up so many skill levels to level up you main level. This will be very time consuming, especially with the skills I mentioned. The first thing you’ll notice about the game, however, is its graphics. Scrim has no cut scenes such as this. All the graphics are designed on the same engine that runs game play. The good and the bad for this you ask? Well loading time can get annoying, but if you download the game to your console then load times are reduced by about half. Rendering graphics can also get glitch. Sometimes an object will appear and twitch back and forth stuck on an invisible wall or level. This rarely effects gamely however, so is easily overlooked. Aside from the graphics, the attention to detail in every level of the game is without compare. This is an open world game, which meaner you can travel to any section of the world at any time for any reason. The countryside is full of mountains covered in snow. The valleys are full flowers and plants, all of which are able to be harvested for ingredients to sell/trade or brew potions. Every item you see can be kicked up and sold or used. In the inventory menu you can look at every item specifically, turning it around and zooming in and out as you wish. Overall, the only problems I found with the game was with some glitches, which can be expected in any game of this magnitude. Those glitches are the only reason I didn’t give this game a 10/10. This game has a storyline that draws in the player, allowing for expandable play through guilds. It has the best and most pleasing graphics yet to date, and a record making attention to detail. It’s by far the best RPG Vive played. How to cite Skyrim Review, Papers

Maker Movement Spreads Innovation Project †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Maker Movement Spreads Innovation Project? Answer: Introduction The video is all about the maker movement, where the craftsmen transform their imagination into reality. It is really surprising that the machines used for hacking the computers are used for revolutionizing the technology of the whole world. Here, contrast can be developed between the hacking and revolutionizing the technology. The main theme of the video is design thinking and creative learning, which possesses flexibility to create corporate minds for the production of innovative products and services (Youtube.com, 2017). Along with this, the aspect of design thinking is also applicable in altering the scenario of the workplace of business, education and healthcare (Schn, Ebner Kumar, 2014). The technology used The technologies shown in the video are drillers, leathers, screw drivers, screw pens, meter boxes among others. Variety of these technologies helps the craftsmen to produce latest and innovative machines for enhancing the comfort of the people (Halverson Sheridan, 2014). The quotation, being a maker is just not taking the world is effective in terms of makers relation with the world. Innovation in the design of the crafts enhances his social identity. (Source: Halverson Sheridan, 2014) Perceiving the maker movement as a hobby reflects the importance of craftsmanship in terms of the other professions (Youtube.com, 2017). Here, manufacturing attains commonality in terms of luring the people towards the technology. The quotation, I made this and I think there is something really negative about that is a kind of looking down upon the efforts put in by the manufacturers for creating modern and innovative technology. Impact and implications on the contemporary culture The technology projected in the video is enhances the clarity of the spectators in terms of the widespread benefits of technology in the fields of education, healthcare and finance. Technology has eased each and every activity; rather it has transformed the scenario of the administration (Peppler Bender, 2013). (Soure: Peppler Bender, 2013) The end of the work day reflects the end of the manufacturing tasks, which the manufacturers perform within their shift timings. It is the enthusiasm, which helps them to perform the challenging tasks in an efficient and effective manner. Looking at the pile and boasting that much of the work is done has several connotations. One, this boasting reflects the satisfaction of the manufacturer in terms of capability towards performing the allocated tasks. On the other hand, it contradicts the essential characteristics of the manufacturers in terms of achieving customer satisfaction (Dougherty, 2012). Delving deep into both these connotations, both relate with the approach of the manufacturer regarding the allocated duties and responsibilities. Negative impression about the produced work reflects the lack of confidence regarding the effective functioning of the machine. This negativity is a threat for the workplace, school, hospitals and other places in terms of carrying out the tasks automatically. If the drawbacks are not modified within proper time, the machines would turn out to be defective at the time of the actual operation (Schn et al., 2014). On the contrary, if IT experts are hired for examining the machines, it would be beneficial for the professionals of various walks of life to enhance the productivity. Conscious attitude towards this activity helps in maintaining the balance of life. Herein lays the appropriate correlation with the phrase, ecosystem is in full phase. (Soure: Schn, Ebner Kumar, 2014) References Dougherty, D. (2012). The maker movement.innovations,7(3), 11-14. Halverson, E. R., Sheridan, K. (2014). The maker movement in education.Harvard Educational Review,84(4), 495-504. Peppler, K., Bender, S. (2013). Maker movement spreads innovation one project at a time.Phi Delta Kappan,95(3), 22-27. Schn, S., Ebner, M., Kumar, S. (2014). The Maker Movement. Implications of new digital gadgets, fabrication tools and spaces for creative learning and teaching.eLearning Papers,39, 14-25. Youtube.com (2017), Doumentary on Maker Movement, Retrieved 15th Sep 2017 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mklywR7TQxs

The Black Voice †Motown, Soul and the Integration of Popular Music Essay Sample free essay sample

Motown is a entering company formed by Berry Gordy. Jr. on 1959 based in Detroit. It was foremost named as Tamla Record but subsequently it became known as Tamla-Motown. Some of its creative persons were Stevie Wonder. Diana Ross. Marvin Gaye. The Four Tops and the Jackson Five ( â€Å"Motown Records. † ) . Motown Records had helped in advancing black instrumentalists. black music and racial integrating. Black music was less promoted unlike the white Americans’ ; but Motown helped in developing gifted black creative persons and gave them interruptions in the universe of music. During that clip. African americans were extremely discriminated and they expressed themselves through music such as stone ‘n’ axial rotation. Rock ‘n’ Roll played a major portion in racial integrating which was the tendency during the 1950s ( â€Å"Rock Music. † ) . It is a musical manner formed from beat. blues. and state which subsequently gave rise to sway music. It was the first Afro-american record label that popularized musical genres such as psyche. We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Voice – Motown, Soul and the Integration of Popular Music Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page R A ; B. hip hop and dad.Motown Soundbecame its celebrated music utilizing tambourine membranophones. and bass guitar.Motown Soundis besides incorporated with acall and response( â€Å"Motown Records. †).Call and responseis consists of two phrases with the 2nd phrase as a response to the first phrase. It is the tradition that African-American used in public assemblages. rites. and besides as a vocal and instrumental look. It originated in West Africa and was introduced in America through different cultural looks ( â€Å"Call and response ( music ) . † ) . Name in responseis common among black music. It was foremost used inGospel music. worship vocals. back in 18Thursdaycentury ; but today non merelyGospel musicutilizationscall and response( â€Å"History of Gospel Music. † ) . R A ; B. hip hop. stone. blues. even rock ‘n’ axial rotation and stone music besides accompanied this manner to their vocals. It is besides common in common people vocalizing in parts of Europe and classical music. African civilization non merely greatly influenced musical tendencies but it besides gave rise to different musical manners in the yesteryear and today. Mentions: Call and response ( music ) . Retrieved 6 June. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Call_and_response_ % 28music % 29 History of Gospel Music. Retrieved 6 June. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //bostoncommunitychoir. org/history_of_gospel_music. htm Motown Records. Retrieved 6 June. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motown Rock Music. Retrieved 6 June. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rock_music

Free Essays on Response To Revolution

Response to Revolution Response to Revolution, by Richard E. Welch Jr., is an honest and unbiased look at America’s policy towards Cuba during the Cuban Revolution. It covers the general history of and preconceived notions about the revolution in depth and gives ample attention to both sides of the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba. In addition to this Welch analyzes the reactions of America’s various factions during the early years of the revolution. Upon taking this into a change of the status quo, and of one that only played the international game of politics on its own terms. The general idea underlying Response to Revolution is the evolution of the U.S.’s opinion of the Cuban revolution from good to bad. Yet to understand this, the author shows that it is first important to understand the events and attitudes that took place between the U.S. and Cuba in the years between 1958-1961. At the onset of the Cuban revolution we find that the U.S. government supported the Batista regime and that while it was technically a democracy it reinforced bitter class differences. Eventually various factions united under Castro and the Batista government was overthrown. While the United States for the most part stayed out of this war and even cut off arm sales to Batista before his overthrow, Welch shows that by then it was to late for the U.S. to ever create a good relationship with Cuba. The reason for this is that the years of and U.S. dominated Cuban economy, combined with the troublesome Platt Amendment, fueled the fire of class differences and created in Castro’s mind a distrust of U.S. involvement in Cuba. However, while Castro’s anti-American stance no doubt hindered relations with the U.S., it was more the fault of the Eisenhower and Kennedy presidencies reluctance to offer aid outright to Castro and accept change in Cuba. This unwillingness of Castro to adhere to the U.S. standard or democracy in turn led to u... Free Essays on Response To Revolution Free Essays on Response To Revolution Response to Revolution Response to Revolution, by Richard E. Welch Jr., is an honest and unbiased look at America’s policy towards Cuba during the Cuban Revolution. It covers the general history of and preconceived notions about the revolution in depth and gives ample attention to both sides of the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba. In addition to this Welch analyzes the reactions of America’s various factions during the early years of the revolution. Upon taking this into a change of the status quo, and of one that only played the international game of politics on its own terms. The general idea underlying Response to Revolution is the evolution of the U.S.’s opinion of the Cuban revolution from good to bad. Yet to understand this, the author shows that it is first important to understand the events and attitudes that took place between the U.S. and Cuba in the years between 1958-1961. At the onset of the Cuban revolution we find that the U.S. government supported the Batista regime and that while it was technically a democracy it reinforced bitter class differences. Eventually various factions united under Castro and the Batista government was overthrown. While the United States for the most part stayed out of this war and even cut off arm sales to Batista before his overthrow, Welch shows that by then it was to late for the U.S. to ever create a good relationship with Cuba. The reason for this is that the years of and U.S. dominated Cuban economy, combined with the troublesome Platt Amendment, fueled the fire of class differences and created in Castro’s mind a distrust of U.S. involvement in Cuba. However, while Castro’s anti-American stance no doubt hindered relations with the U.S., it was more the fault of the Eisenhower and Kennedy presidencies reluctance to offer aid outright to Castro and accept change in Cuba. This unwillingness of Castro to adhere to the U.S. standard or democracy in turn led to u...

Public Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Public Relations - Assignment Example Researching of famous personalities and their job descriptions proves helpful as it highlights the related areas for application (Andrews, 2009). I started my job hunt online by searching for a list of jobs under public relations covering media and journalism. I came up with a list of jobs I researched online. They include; The search gives the range of jobs with general specifications on the qualifications. However, I establish direct chat with the online operators for further assistance on the specifications of the public relation jobs (Andrews, 2009). Direct online chats with the various targeted companies confirm the job availability and the terms of the firms. Online job research for public relations gives a wide range of jobs. It is effective and easy. One has to know the various internet links and how to upload resumes in applying for jobs (Davis, 2003). Various questions still arise on the proper steps for online research in public relations. The qualification each job requires is still in

Globalization Impacts On The Poor And Inequality Essay

Globalization Impacts On The Poor And Inequality - Essay Example Financial integration should be accompanied with the pursuit of macroeconomic stabilization policies. Both traditional and modern trade theories suggest that gains from the free trade will not be distributed equally within economies. The World Bank studies several ways in which globalization affects inequality within and across countries. A very important factor in the distribution of income is the initial income of the country. The empirical literature reveals that free trade contributes only to 20% of the world inequality, being less important than such factors as technological innovations or demographic changes. The economists use the term globalization to refer to international integration in the capital, commodity, and labor markets. The crucial economic features of the two most recent periods of globalization (1950-73 and 1974-2007) involve increased integration in trade, international capital flows and movement of labor. However, as we can see in table 1 (WTO,2008), there are differences in the importance of these factors in each period. During the entire 1950-2007 period, the trade expanded by 6.2 percent. In the first decades after World War II (WWII), due to the reconstruction of the country economies, the most dynamic traders were the Western European countries and Japan.From 1974 to 2000, newly industrialized Asian economies (NIEs) were the main beneficiaries of globalization, with their merchandise exports comprising raising from 2.4 percent to 9.7 percent within only two decades.  

Alcohol in America. Should the US lower legal drinking age to 18 Term Paper

Alcohol in America. Should the US lower legal drinking age to 18 - Term Paper Example ge should be lowered to 18 like in most other countries; legally when one is 18 they are recognised as an adult and they can go to war, buy a gun serve in a jury and even be tried as an adult. Therefore according to some the individual should be allowed to drink if they so choose given that they are able to take responsibility for their own actions. Despite this, other far less novel and more compelling reasons if taken to consideration will prove that lowering the current drinking age would be a costly mistake. This include safety and health issues bearing in mind that when one is given a driving licence, and a permit to drink, their discretion in not doing both at the same time is responsible not just for theirs but the lives of other people. This paper seeks to prove that the drinking age should be maintained and this will be done through considering arguments to render an objective and critical summation of the issue. Lowering the drinking age would be medically irresponsible, scientist have proven that consumption of alcohol by young adults can interfere with the development of their frontal robes, which play an essential role in their normal functioning and emotional regulation. Consequently, when children aged 18 are allowed to access alcohol they will be put at risk of developing a vulnerability to chronic mental problem such as a propensity for addition and dangerous risk taking behaviour that could include but not limited to driving while under the influence. In relations to issues of health, binge drinking which is highly popular among college and even high school children has been found to be a leading cause of alcohol poisoning since when the underage drink they tend to overdo it. According to the Centre For Science In The Public Interest, as many as 30, 000 college student require medical attention as a result of alcohol related complications each year and between 1999 and 2005, it is e stimated that 157 college students aged between 18 and 23,

Lower Back Pain in the Elderly in Institutionalised Centres

Lower Back Pain in the Elderly in Institutionalised Centres DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION In this section, the result findings will be discussed. The aims of this study was to determine the prevalence of LBP among the institutionalized centers in Malaysia, to compare the muscle changes in term of muscle control, flexibility and strength between two groups of elderly; LBP group and non-LBP group, and to determine the functional status of the elderly in institutionalized centers. The discussion will be focused on the finding of comparison for muscle changes between both groups and also the functional status of elderly in institutionalized centers. According to Malaysian Department of Statistics, the population of Malaysian will be increased by 2020. The annual growth rate of the elderly increased from 3.1% in 1980-1990’s periods to 4.0% in period between years 2000-2010. The leading factor for this life expectancy improvement was low fertility and mortality. By the year of 2020, Malaysia would qualify to be an aging population where the population of elderly reached nearly 7% and 5 years later will be increased over 9% (Tengku Aizan et al., 2006). Recent studies on global prevalence of LBP was found that with the highest prevalence among those aged 40-80 years and among female individuals, LBP became the major problem throughout the world (Hoy et al., 2012). People with LBP has been found to had changes in automatic control of TrA (Jacobs, Hammerman-rozenberg, Cohen, Stessman, 2006), reduced trunk muscle strength (Bel et al., 2010), and spinal stiffness (Freddolini, Strike, Lee, 2014). However, none of the study done in Malaysia concentrates on elderly aged 60 and above especially elderly in institutionalized centers. Therefore, our understanding of the muscles changes happened between LBP elderly population and healthy population especially in Asian country is critically ill. PREVALENCE OF LOW BACK PAIN There has been undefined conclusion for the epidemiology for back pain especially in elderly. The present study found similar findings with other Hirsch, (1959) that the prevalence of LBP peak in the middle and declined after 60 years old. In this study, the prevalence for elderly who had LBP was 62.6% of total sample. Traditionally, it stated that back pain is common in early adulthood, peaks in middle age and declines in beyond than 60 years (Papageorgiou et al., 1995; Hirsch, 1959). Others stated that there may be because of degenerative spine and brain that caused reduces levels of back pain. Elderly also had tendency to have an age-related decline in pain sensitivity. In contrast, study done by Adams et al., proclaimed that ageing is not closely related with back pain (Wiesel, 2013). However, based on personal opinion by Dr. Richard, he agrees with study by Papageorgiou et al., (1995). In this study, the results presented that the prevalence of LBP was higher in elderly with age range from 60-69 years old than more than 70 years old. The prevalence of pain is gradually decrease with age as in this study the number of subjects was limited for age more than 80 years. A study found that symptoms of back pain began in the late twenties, highest between the ages of thirty to fifty years and then the decline or remain stable with age (Wiesel, 2013). However, when the researchers looked at the prevalence of severe back pain, it was highest among seniors, increasing from 5.4% in those aged 40 years or less to 10% in persons over 80 years of age (MacFarlane et al., 2012). MUSCLE CHANGES BETWEEN LBP AND NON-LBP GROUPS The main results showed that there is no significant difference in term of muscle changes between LBP and non-LBP elderly except for muscle control and muscle flexibility for left side flexion. Although many studies had been done on trunk muscle strength for patients with LBP, there is no reliable opinion concluded (Ikeda et al., 1994; Goto, 2001; Sakamoto et al., 1991; Ito et al., 2001; Ota, 2011; Murakami et al., 2011). Contrary to the previous study, the present study found similar finding of trunk muscle strength between both group LBP and non-LBP. Interestingly, study done by Lee et al, (1999) showed that there was a difference in trunk muscle strength where extensor muscle strength is lower than flexor muscle strength. Besides, other study done by Demoulin et al., (2007) also showed positive finding where LBP and muscle changes (fatigue) that lead to muscle weakness are correlated and was supported with study by Fryer et al., (2004) where decreased trunk muscle strength and mus cle activity were associated with LBP. The result from this study is differ from other previous studies because of this result was affected by aging factor. Most of the previous study were done among the young and middle age population (Keller et al., 2004; Klein, Snyder-Mackler, Roy, DeLuca, 1991; Taechasubamorn, Nopkesorn, Pannarunothai, 2010; Yasuda, Minami, Daikuya, 2013) and there is very limited for studies done among geriatrics population. Study by Ferreira et al., (2004) demonstrated evidence for changes in automatic control of TrA in individual with LBP where individual with LBP had reduced abdominal muscles recruitment and TrA muscle activity (P. H. Ferreira, Ferreira, Hodges, 2004; Hodges, 1996) . Their study supported this study, as the result in this study for muscle control showed significant difference between both groups. Thus, it showed that LBP group had lower muscle control than non-LBP group. It can be one of causes that will lead to LBP as Cholewicki, (1996) and Panjabi, (1992) had expressed in their studies that possible causes of some low back pain disorders and chronic back pain are motor control errors and muscular dysfunction (Cholewicki, Panjabi, Khachatryan, 1997). The PBU was used in this study as it showed high reliability with Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,1) of 0.74 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.85) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.86) (Olavo et al., 2012). It provides strong support that proved the result of this study. Another study was done to measure the precision muscle control in healthy and low back pain patients using a spiral-tracking task and trunk muscle electromyography and was found that tracking errors were higher in the LBP patients and increased with trunk inclination compared to healthy controls (Willigenburg, Kingma, Hoozemans, Dieà «n, 2013). Thus, the results from this study can be additional evidence that showed the difference of trunk muscle control between LBP and non-LBP individuals. Interestingly, a research on postural activity of abdominal muscles was differ between body position and these showed various contribution of abdominal muscle regions to stability of the trunk (Urquhart, Hodges, Story, 2005). The result for trunk muscle flexibility in this study showed similar results except for trunk left side flexion where it showed significant difference (p FUNCTIONAL STATUS AMONG ELDERLY IN INSTITUTIONALIZED CENTERS Age-related diminished physical fitness has showed contribution to the development of sarcopenia, frailty and reduced functional status (Garatachea Lucia, 2013). The gait speed test using 10 m walk test, upper limbs strength test using hand dynamometer, lower limb strength using 30 sec sit-to-stand test, and seat-reach test was used in the study field. These subjects were ranged from age of 60 and above. In the study sample, there is no significant difference of functional status between both groups LBP and non LBP except for gait speed test and right hand grip strength. According to Kubicki’s (2014) in his study stated that a study done by Fried et al., (2001) showed that a score for the gait speed test that under 0.65 m by second reveals a frailty status (Kubicki, 2014). LIMITATION OF STUDY The limitation of the current study was lack of probability sampling method as this study used convenient sampling method. It caused the unequal distribution of both groups sample which may lead to non-significant results at the end. The size, convenience, and homogeneity of the sample limit the generalizability of this study. Another limitation was that the measurement was done by different researches which have caused some error during the measurement due to different level of skills. Due to the lack of training for the tools from the experts and inexperience researches, limited tools and modified position, the study was under-powered, and thus, did not reach statistically significance. Other than that, the duration for data collection was too short with lead to reduced man-power. Subject’s consents also became one of the limitations in this study. Research that involves human being was challenging as dealing with unstable emotion especially elderly. A lot of subjects were refused to participate in this research because of depression and unstable emotion. In addition, previous research done among the institutionalized centers in Malaysia was very limited which lead to limitation of evidence to support this research. Most of the study done was among the healthy and young population, and elderly without back pain in community dwelling. Very limited source was present in the time being that study on the comparison between elderly in community setting and institutionalized setting especially in Malaysia. On the other hand, to compare more precise the differences between LBP and healthy subjects, more complex methods using higher order kinematics should be done to assess spinal biomechanical function. This has been attempted by few researches and the conclude that to achieve better evaluation and discrimination, more complex tasks such complex motion parameters were needed (Mieritz et al., 2014). Even though the normality was not normally distributed and the results was insignificant when comparing both groups, however this is first evidence of comparison on muscle changes among elderly with LBP and non-LBP among our local institutionalized center. The results should serve as a basis for future studies with larger population and normal distribution to investigate further this matter. Thus, further investigation and research need to be done among the Malaysian population especially in elderly setting and institutionalized setting. These will help in future research development and better management for the elderly population as the elderly population has been increased dramatically. CONCLUSION The main findings of this study show higher prevalence of low back pain among the elderly in institutionalized centers. Muscle changes generally happened in elderly as the aging process takes place. There is no significant difference when comparing both groups except for muscle control and left side trunk flexion. Only gait speed showed difference between both groups where LBP individuals had slower gait speed compared to non-LBP individual. Therefore, for planning of intervention for LBP elderly, they should consider gait speed as their one of outcome measure.

John Ronald Reuel Tolkiens Accomplishments Essay -- john tolkien, the

A man that once incorporated the ideas and viewpoints of past events such as WWII and the renowned epic of Beowulf, has impacted many in his works as an author. All of which, political views, personal experiences, and opinions in events within history were all included. He had an imagination like which of Joanne Rowling, the author of the â€Å"Harry Potter† series, or George R. R. Martin, the author of â€Å"A Game of Thrones†. His style of writing was more of an interpretation of his mind than just pure fantasy. His books were to tell a story, informing while also generating interest. He was also Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University, as well as Merton Professor of English Language and Literature there. He was born in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, and was Commander of the Order of the British Empire. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor. Tolkien, with his books â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† Trilogy and â€Å"The Hobbit† and many other stories, was definitely a very influential British author. Americans aspire t...

Common Sense Economics

Macroeconomics Professor Coppedge December 5, 2011 Common Sense Economics Common Sense Economics is packed with valuable information, and approaches presenting this information in a way that is less dry than a conventional textbook. Although there is a lot to learn in this book, I feel like I have already been introduced to 90% of the content in class, this book is simply a supplement and review. The book is broken down into 4 sections: Ten key elements of economics, Seven major sources of economic progress, Economic progress and the role of government, and Twelve key elements of practical personal finance.I believe the discussion of personal finance outlined in the fourth section, while important, is outside of the scope of this course and will therefore not be discussed in this paper. This book is very much a textbook, therefore going through the material and listing off what is in the book will not be feasible in such a short paper, I will however cover the information that struck me as the most interesting or important.Almost everything in the first part of the book is common sense, there is nothing free, people respond to incentives, decisions are made in the margin, profit drives business decisions, the invisible hand. The points that I found more interesting were points 7 and 10: People earn income by helping others and too often long-term consequences of an action are ignored. The book states that if you figure out a way to help other people you will be rewarded with a large income.Even people who are damaging themselves believe that they are getting what they want, for instance cigarette smokers, they are ruining their bodies and destroying their lives, but they want the cigarette and by helping them get the cigarette, companies make a very large amount of money. Cigarette smoking can also tie into point 10: Too often long-term consequences, or the secondary effects, of an action are ignored. Many people who smoke will tell you that they simply â€Å" don’t think about it† because they know if they consider the secondary effects, or he opportunity cost of their decision to smoke, they would quit. Of the second section in the book: Seven major sources of economic progress, I find point number 4 the most interesting. An efficient capital market, this is something that I had not thought of when considering things that need to happen for the economy to grow, it is something that happens behind the scenes and you don’t hear much about it, but it seems like one of the more important driving forces.If there is no-one investing capital into wealth creating projects then the economy will continue to only grow minimally until there is a way of getting money into the hands of investors. I believe that investors need to have low barriers to entry, IE taxes and fees, but they do need to be held accountable for any botched projects, this will give investors a reason to seek out good investments and let the bad investments s ink rather than making Americans pay for them.Perhaps one of the more interesting topic of discussion is: Economic progress and the Role of Government. This topic can go on for days, but the basic functions that the government needs to fulfil in order for the economy to progress are: protect the private rights of individuals and supply goods that cannot be provided through markets. There are many things that can impede the government from doing it’s job, the most prevalent in my opinion is human nature. Voters vote for politicians promising the most benefit to them, ignoring rule 10 of part 1.The book states that â€Å"unless [the government is] restrained by constitutional rules special interest groups will use the democratic process to fleece taxpayers and consumers. † The reason this happens is because of rule 1 in part 1, incentives matter, everyone is attempting to get the most out of the system for themselves, without considering external costs. Overall, this boo k breaks down complex economic ideas into something that is easily understandable and the examples given are easily relatable. I will definitely keep this book for my reference, and I will refresh my self on it every couple of years.

Hip Hop’s Betrayal on Black Women Essay Essays

Hip Hop’s Betrayal on Black Women Essay Essays Hip Hop’s Betrayal on Black Women Essay Paper Hip Hop’s Betrayal on Black Women Essay Paper In â€Å"Hip Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women† . McLune addresses the influence of hip hop’s pick of words towards African American adult females and females. McLune’s article is written in response to Powell’s sentiments in â€Å"Notes of a Hip Hop Head† . along with assorted other hip hop creative persons. that black females are the taking cause of poorness and racism why black work forces undertake racism and poorness. as if adult females do non confront these battles from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. McLune disagrees with this comment and states that this is merely one of many alibis that work forces use. McLune addresses an audience that is good educated along with informed with the different sexism sentiments towards adult females in our society. though many work forces feel that some of their statements or sentiments are non impacting adult females. Therefore. McLune’s article deserves to be recognized in PopMatters. With all the statements and rejoinders she had. â€Å"Hip Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women† should be considered for the top award for persuasive essays due to the jobs that our African American society faces on a day-to-day footing. The energy of McLune’s statement is its energetic entreaty to African American adult females along with different races. Her statement implied that work forces want adult females to give in to them and accept the fact that they are being degraded. merely so that work forces can hike their assurance and maleness: â€Å"It’s obvious that if these are the winning footings for our creativeness. black adult females are finally the also-rans. And that’s precisely how these self-proclaimed participants. hoods. and hip-hop intellectuals want us- on our dorsums and plighting commitment to the hip hop state. ( Analytic Writing: A Guide to College Composition 300 ) McLune besides covers the fact that even the hip hop creative person â€Å"who have an belowground and witting force in hip hop- like Common. The Roots. Talib Kweli and others- stay inconsistent. excusatory. and even eager to fall in the mainstream player’s club† ( 297 ) She is bothered that they have yet to come frontward and support the adult females who are being belittled by the misogynous hip-hop creative person. By showing this with the African American society of adult females who are ontinuously torched by the demanding words of work forces. McLune entreaties strongly to all American women’s mind of equality and regard. Womans should non hold to be judged by work forces and anticipate to be treated as if they owe anyone something. allow entirely hold to be mistreated and belittled. if that were to be the instance so work forces should be treated the same. therefore McLune’s audience. should understand that that is non how you define a black adult female in any footings. This indication to the soundless calls supports for an emotional entreaty to an illustration of the soundless calls in African American adult females. As stated in the rubric. Powell is cognizant that black adult females are simply being betrayed in the hip-hop industry and merely provinces that the pick of words that hip-hop creative person chose to knap approximately is merely â€Å"the ghetto blues. urban folk art. a call out for aid. † ( 298 ) and it is rubbing off on about every adult male in our American society and giving them a different position of adult females all because adult females refuse to talk out and talk up. As a consequence. female rappers are frequently merely as male-identified. violent. mercenary. and nescient as their male equals. † ( 298 ) . Over 100 old ages ago. adult females were non even allowed to vote. the closest they got to vote was sitting at that place and watching. They were non allowed to work. they were forced to be stay at place ma rried womans while their hubbies went out and worked difficult to supply for the household. They besides didn’t have the chance to talk up for themselves. it was known as a man’s responsibility. As you see in â€Å"Hip Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women† McLune states that adult females still sit back in silence in accept the denigration words that work forces throw at them through their wordss. Hip hop did non germinate from talking down on females. it started out as a manner suppress differences between two competitions or to talk on behalf of defects and bad lucks in the yesteryear. This comes to oppugn our audience why it is that hip hop has transformed into a manner of floging out a man’s choler towards a adult female and how their inventive character dreams to look at adult females. We can look at the past old ages when adult females were non given the chance to do their ain determinations and to talk on behalf of themselves. besides how and why did hip hop alteration its significance behind music. McLune provides a great illustration to the female hip hop creative person as to why they would take to be viewed in the same eyes that the misogynous hip hop male creative person are viewed. Besides as to why after so many old ages why is that work forces still have the upper manus. She does this by conveying up the point from Powell’s socioeconomic account for the sexism in hip-hop is a manner to hush feminist reviews of the civilization. It is to do an apprehension of the misogynous objectification of black adult females in hip-hop so elusive that we can’t hold on it long plenty to contorting the cervix of its power over us ( 297 ) . From this information. we can reason that is really much true. because most females will accept the denigration remarks instead than words of wisdom and motive. Because McLune gives great entreaties to the non merely the African American society. but the assorted races. her article deserves to be one of the top prized persuasive essays in PopMatters. It can be used as an illustration to our approaching coevals of immature work forces to non handle or talk down on a immature lady as something they hear in a blame vocal. McLune’s article demonstrates why adult females. particularly African American adult females should talk up and out irrespective of what the result will be. Her statement would hold been more effectual have she spoke about all the other races seen in picture because it’s non merely black females now.

Mt St Helens 1980 Eruption

Mt St Helens 1980 Eruption At 8:32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, the volcano located in southern Washington called Mt. St. Helens erupted. Despite the many warning signs, many were taken by surprise by the blast. The Mt. St. Helens eruption was the worst volcanic disaster in U.S. history, causing the deaths of 57 people and approximately 7,000 large animals. Â   A Long History of Eruptions Mt. St. Helens is a composite volcano within the Cascade Range in what is now southern Washington, approximately 50 miles northwest of Portland, Oregon. Though Mt. St. Helens is approximately 40,000-years old, it is considered a relatively young, active volcano. Mt. St. Helens historically has had four extended periods of volcanic activity (each lasting hundreds of years), interspersed with dormant periods (often lasting thousands of years). The volcano is currently in one of its active periods. Native Americans living in the area have long known that this was not an ordinary mountain, but one that had fiery potential. Even the name, Louwala-Clough, a Native American name for the volcano, means smoking mountain. Mt. St. Helens Discovered by Europeans The volcano was first discovered by Europeans when British Commander George Vancouver of the H.M.S.Discovery spotted Mt. St. Helens from the deck of his ship while he was exploring the northern Pacific Coast from 1792 to 1794. Commander Vancouver named the mountain after his fellow countryman, Alleyne Fitzherbert, the Baron St. Helens, who was serving as the British ambassador to Spain. Piecing together eyewitness descriptions and geologic evidence, it is believed that Mt. St. Helens erupted somewhere between 1600 and 1700, again in 1800, and then quite frequently during the 26-year span of 1831 to 1857. After 1857, the volcano grew quiet. Most people who viewed the 9,677-foot tall mountain during the 20th century, saw a picturesque backdrop rather than a potentially deadly volcano. Thus, not fearing an eruption, many people built houses around the base of the volcano. Warning Signs On March 20, 1980, a 4.1 magnitude earthquake struck underneath Mt. St. Helens. This was the first warning sign that the volcano had reawakened. Scientists flocked to the area. On March 27, a small explosion blew a 250-foot hole in the mountain and released a plume of ash. This caused fears of injuries from rockslides so the entire area was evacuated. Similar eruptions to the one on March 27 continued for the next month. Though some pressure was being released, large amounts were still building. In April, a large bulge was noticed on the north face of the volcano. The bulge grew quickly, pushing outward about five feet a day. Though the bulge had reached a mile in length by the end of April, the plentiful plumes of smoke and seismic activity had begun to dissipate. As April drew to a close, officials were finding it increasingly difficult to maintain the evacuation orders and road closures due to pressures from homeowners and the media as well as from stretched budget issues. Mt. St. Helens Erupts At 8:32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, a 5.1 magnitude earthquake struck under Mt. St. Helens. Within ten seconds, the bulge and surrounding area fell away in a gigantic, rock avalanche. The avalanche created a gap in the mountain, allowing the release of pent-up pressure that erupted laterally in a huge blast of pumice and ash. The noise from the blast was heard as far away as Montana and California; however, those close to Mt. St. Helens reported hearing nothing. The avalanche, huge to begin with, quickly grew in size as it crashed down the mountain, traveling around 70 to 150 miles per hour and destroying everything in its path. The blast of pumice and ash traveled northward at 300 miles per hour and was a raging hot 660Â ° F (350Â ° C). The blast killed everything in a 200-square mile area. Within ten minutes, the plume of ash had reached 10 miles high. The eruption lasted nine hours. Death and Damage For the scientists and others who were caught in the area, there was no way to outrun either the avalanche or the blast. Fifty-seven people were killed. It is estimated that about 7,000 large animals such as deer, elk, and bears were killed and thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of small animals died from the volcanic eruption. Mt. St. Helens had been surrounded by a lush forest of coniferous trees and numerous clear lakes before the blast. The eruption felled entire forests, leaving only burned tree trunks all flattened in the same direction. The amount of timber destroyed was enough to build about 300,000 two-bedroom homes. A river of mud traveled down the mountain, caused by melted snow and released groundwater, destroying approximately 200 houses, clogging up shipping channels in the Columbia River, and contaminating the beautiful lakes and creeks in the area. Mt. St. Helens is now only 8,363-feet tall, 1,314-feet shorter than it was before the explosion. Though this explosion was devastating, it will certainly not be the last eruption from this very active volcano.

International stll wine trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International stll wine trade - Essay Example Data is the information that is gathered for analyzing, interpreting and making conclusion based on the available information. The source was from â€Å"database of international business statistics† which is accessed across the countries. The important features in the research are the demand and the years of the product production. The first then observations show the demand of the product in the market prior to the introduction of globalization. The subsequent years shows the impact of globalization to the product demand. One of the limitations is the misuse of the data. This involves the use numbers in a biased manner so as to suit the researchers predetermined hypothesis and hence ease in making conclusions that are not scientifically justified. The wrong numbers used lead to misleading graphs and charts being drawn and this encourages error in conclusions (Boudreaux 2008). Statistics are normally based on probabilities hence the results vary from when the each variable could have been used. This makes the results to be amendable and/or provisional. The data collection is always narrowed by moral, financial and practical constrains that affects the conclusions to be drawn. The statisticians/researchers are do not completely agree on superlative methods hence inconveniences. Data manipulations required before estimation is the arrangement of the data in an increasing total over the years of trading. The demand for the products over the periods of marketing should increasing conform the validity of the analysis (Selkirk 2012). The last ten observations highlight the impact of globalization on demand and the sales of the company product. The total sales amounted to 2701M, a mean sale of 245.55M, a median sale of 246M and a mode sale of 262M. From the above descriptive statistics, it is clearly shown that the total sales have increased substantially overtime i.e. from sale of 1177M to 2701M. This is 1524M sales increment

Discuss using an extended example how annual report and accounts can Essay

Discuss using an extended example how annual report and accounts can be used to analyse and - Essay Example Other than the three key statements the annual reports include- Analysis and discussion by the company management; report relating to internal control and report stating the fairness and transparency of the financial statements. Under the management discussion and analysis section there is an explanation with regard to any significant changes in the current year’s performance over the previous years (Warren, et al., 2008, p.785). In the financial statements published by Sony Corporation for the financial year ending 2010 the Sales and operating revenue of the company for the last three financial years has been shown in a comparative way. The operating income of the company for the last three years has also been compared in the form of a bar chart. This shows how this income had dipped in 2009 but recovered, albeit marginally, in the 2010 fiscal. The marginal rise in the revenue is a positive sign for the investors as it signifies that the company has managed to overcome the losses of the previous years. Various other charts relating to Free Cash flow, Capital expenditure and R&D investment have also been shown by the company. These give an idea about the investment practices of the company. Financial ratios can be computed using the financial data of the company relating to net income, sales, financial expenses, debt, equity, assets etc. Using these one can get an idea about the liquidity strength, profitability, debt position, earnings capacity of the company. This is considered to be the most effective tool in assessing the financial soundness of the company (Gibson, 2008, p.452). For the financial year 2010 Sony has prepared a Consolidated Statement of Income where it has depicted the financial data for three years- 2010, 2009 and 2008. Using the sales and net income for this three year period one can prepare the net profit margin

PERIODICAL REPORT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PERIODICAL REPORT - Assignment Example Since the demand for oil is high and the supply is threatening to decrease, there are big chances of oil price increases in the following weeks or months. Name Course/Subject Findlay Courier 14/03/2011 Wis. unions rush deals ahead of bargaining law By Scott Bauer The article talks about how the unions are doing last minute negotiations for unclosed agreements before the ratification of a new law that will affect their negotiation methods in the state of Wisconsin. Once enacted, it will erase their ability to collectively bargain over nearly all issues other than minimal salary increases. The enactment is being held off for a few days due to the negative uproar it caused among the unions and its members. This article therefore is helpful is portraying the role of the unions regarding labor and employment. Labor unions, like in this article, do collective bargains over wages and benefits, and represent the members of the unions in case there is a threat in the laborers status.

Two Major Types of Literature Essay Example for Free

Two Major Types of Literature Essay Poetry A poem is defined as a composition written in verse (although verse has been equally used for epic and dramatic fiction). Poems rely heavily on imagery, precise word choice, and metaphor; they may take the form of measures consisting of patterns of stresses (metric feet) or of patterns of different-length syllables (as in classical prosody); and they may or may not utilize rhyme. One cannot readily characterize poetry precisely. Typically though, poetry as a form of literature makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses — the properties attached to the written or spoken form of the words, rather than to their meaning. Metre depends on syllables and on rhythms of speech; rhyme and alliteration depend on words that have similar pronunciation. Some recent poets, such as E. E. Cummings, made extensive use of words visual form. Prose Prose consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structures (other than simple grammar); non-poetic writing, perhaps. The term sometimes appears pejoratively, but prosaic writing simply says something without necessarily trying to say it in a beautiful way, or using beautiful words. Prose writing can of course take beautiful form; but less by virtue of the formal features of words (rhymes, alliteration, metre) but rather by style, placement, or inclusion of graphics. But one need not mark the distinction precisely, and perhaps cannot do so. One area of overlap is prose poetry, which attempts to convey using only prose, the aesthetic richness typical of poetry.

The History of Pie :: Essays Papers

The History of Pie Caitlin Sklarz resides in Burlington, Vermont where she is attending the University of Vermont. She is currently finishing up Bachelors in Psychology and plans to go on for a degree in Nursing. Caitlin enjoys spending her free time with her boyfriend and dog, and taking walks in the beautiful Vermont woods. Desserts They are the most popular food in America today; yet, desserts are relatively new to food world. Pastries, and pies in particular, are probably the oldest of all. Pies have been filled with numerous foods, from meats to sweets, and even live animals and people Want to know more? Keep reading and learn about pie-from over 10,000 years ago to today. Pastry making goes as far back as the Neolithic Period. These round, flat cakes were first known as â€Å"galettes.† Our ancestors made these pie-like treats with oat, wheat, rye, and barley, then filled them with honey and baked the dish over hot coals (Montagne, 490). The tradition of galettes was carried on by the Greeks. Yet, this ancient people ingeniously realized that the galette idea served as a perfect vehicle to cook raw meat. So, they created pies with the popular meats and fruits of the time. But, presumably from losing some teeth, the Greeks learned not to eat the hard, tough, pasty crust and merely use it as a pan. This early Greek version of the pie was later adopted by the Romans upon conquering Greece. The pie idea was spread throughout the continent as the Roman Empire was created. The pies during this period were marked by a flour-water paste wrapped around meat; this dually served to cook the meat and seal in the juices. In fact, the Roman statesman Marcus Porcius Cato recorded his era’s most popular pie, â€Å"placenta† (De l’agricultura, 9). Well, now that we're all nauseous, at least we now know that pies were consumed in the 2nd century B.C. By the Medieval Period pies, then recorded as â€Å"pyes,† reached the height of their popularity in the royal courts. 12th century English courts used the whole foul in the pie and hung the legs over the sides of the crust as handles. Though this idea is no doubt unique, many vegetarians today would be very disturbed! Similarly, the French used pyes in their banquets and added a neat twist of their own; all royalty were invited to this event where they were entertained by magicians, jugglers, musicians, and dancers.

The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction Essay -- GCSE Chemis

The effect of temperature on rates of reaction Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find out if the reaction rate of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid will be affected by a temperature change. Prediction: I predict that as a result of increasing the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate, the rate of reaction will be faster. Because of the increase in temperature, the particles will gain more kinetic energy. This will therefore cause them to move faster and produce more successful collisions, causing the rate to increase. Plan: Na S O + 2HCl S + SO + 2NaCl + H O Before carrying out the experiment, I must first of all begin the preliminary work. This part of the experiment will enable me to choose an appropriate scale of temperatures, and to decide upon the amount of sodium thiosulphate solution that will be used (the concentration). After doing this, I will then begin to carry out the experiment. I will firstly put a measured amount of sodium thiosulphate solution into a glass bottle, measure the temperature, and then add the hydrochloric acid. Immediately afterwards I will seal the lid and put it on top of a black mark, then start the stopwatch. I will observe from above and when the black mark is no longer visible, I will stop the stopwatch, measure the temperature again and record these results. I will repeat the experiment a further two times to ensure reliable results and continue this method for each temperature. To make certain that my experiment will not be dangerous, I will carry out some basic safety precautions. I will firstly ensure that there is a safe working area around me by clearing the desks and removing stools. I will then make sure that I am wearing safety glasses at all times and han... ...there were some sources of error and areas that I could have improved if repeating the experiment. I also noticed that there were a few anomalous results on my graph and these could be due to a few sources of error that occurred during my experiment. I felt that by timing the reaction from personal judgement about when the black mark was no longer visible was not as accurate as I would have liked. Also the fact that it was quite difficult to achieve the exact temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution by heating it, made the experiment a little inaccurate. To give myself completely accurate results I would have to repeat the reactions that gave me anomalous results paying attention to detail and spending longer on each experiment. However, despite this I still managed to achieve quite regular repeats and results that clearly followed and backed up my prediction. The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction Essay -- GCSE Chemis The effect of temperature on rates of reaction Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find out if the reaction rate of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid will be affected by a temperature change. Prediction: I predict that as a result of increasing the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate, the rate of reaction will be faster. Because of the increase in temperature, the particles will gain more kinetic energy. This will therefore cause them to move faster and produce more successful collisions, causing the rate to increase. Plan: Na S O + 2HCl S + SO + 2NaCl + H O Before carrying out the experiment, I must first of all begin the preliminary work. This part of the experiment will enable me to choose an appropriate scale of temperatures, and to decide upon the amount of sodium thiosulphate solution that will be used (the concentration). After doing this, I will then begin to carry out the experiment. I will firstly put a measured amount of sodium thiosulphate solution into a glass bottle, measure the temperature, and then add the hydrochloric acid. Immediately afterwards I will seal the lid and put it on top of a black mark, then start the stopwatch. I will observe from above and when the black mark is no longer visible, I will stop the stopwatch, measure the temperature again and record these results. I will repeat the experiment a further two times to ensure reliable results and continue this method for each temperature. To make certain that my experiment will not be dangerous, I will carry out some basic safety precautions. I will firstly ensure that there is a safe working area around me by clearing the desks and removing stools. I will then make sure that I am wearing safety glasses at all times and han... ...there were some sources of error and areas that I could have improved if repeating the experiment. I also noticed that there were a few anomalous results on my graph and these could be due to a few sources of error that occurred during my experiment. I felt that by timing the reaction from personal judgement about when the black mark was no longer visible was not as accurate as I would have liked. Also the fact that it was quite difficult to achieve the exact temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution by heating it, made the experiment a little inaccurate. To give myself completely accurate results I would have to repeat the reactions that gave me anomalous results paying attention to detail and spending longer on each experiment. However, despite this I still managed to achieve quite regular repeats and results that clearly followed and backed up my prediction.

Anansi Essay

In this mythological story, the author outlines the relationship of Hess two by causing Spider to create stressful situations that push Charlie out Of his shell and to take control Of his life. It is evident throughout the novel that Charlie's character consistently develops into, like Spider, a more positive, confident and charismatic person, one by which fits into the Nancy family reputation. In the beginning of this story, there was nothing extraordinary about the character of Charlie Nancy.He could be described as a somewhat boring character: he had a nine to five job, a fiance and enjoyed partaking in normal day to day activities. Charlie's initial character comes across as a very insecure person; he never puts himself out there and has been known to get extremely embarrassed for the littlest things. Charlie rationalizes these attributes by blaming his father for embarrassing him as a child. Caiman writes, â€Å"The worst thing about Fat Charlie's father was simply this: He was embarrassing. (ANSI Boys, 10) The story continues into a description of how Charlie's father made him dress up as Taft: â€Å"Well, when I changed schools, when I was a kid, my dad made a point of telling me how such he had always looked forward to Presidents' Day, when he was a boy, because it's the law that on Presidents' Day, the kids who go to school dressed as their favorite presidents get a big bag of Of course, there was no such thing as President's Day and Charlie was mortified. In his eyes, his father was someone to be ashamed of. He was far too good at embarrassing people and would be the heart and soul of the party.Charlie was so embarrassed by his father that he argued to keep his father away from his and Rookie's wedding. After much convincing on Rookie's end, Charlie alls a family friend, Mrs.. Wiggler, to find his father's number; only to find out that his father had passed away. After his fathers funeral, Charlie visits with Mrs.. Wiggler and learns a great deal mo re about his family. She reveals that Charlie had a brother and their father was a type of ‘God'. Charlie of course, thought that Mrs.. Wiggler was going a bit crazy, but humored her regardless.While trying to get back to his normal life, Charlie decides the practical thing to do would be to go back to work. Caiman writes, â€Å"Fat Charlie was a man who preferred to be working. He regarded lying on a sofa watching Countdown as a reminder of his interludes as a member of the unemployed. He decided that the sensible thing to do would be to go back to work a day early. In the Aldrich offices of the Grahame Coats Agency, up on the fifth and topmost floor, he would feel part of the swim of things. There would be interesting conversation with his fellow workers in the tearoom.The whole panoply of life would unfold before him, majestic in its tapestry, implacable and relentless in its industry. People would be pleased to see ) This as the type of person Charlie was, reliable, sensi ble and practical. He believed that he would feel better once things were back on track in his life. Charlie's job at the Grahame Coats Agency fits perfectly into his type of character. Caiman explains, ‘From this you would presume that there is little you need to know about Fat Charlie's employment, save that he was unhappy in it, and, in the main, you would be right. (43) Charlie was in some type of rut in his life where he was completely unhappy in every aspect, but did and tried nothing to get out of it. As the story develops, Charlie learns, to his surprise, that he does have a brother. Charlie's brother, Spider, is not your average person. Spider takes after their father, and is a type of God. Caiman describes, â€Å"There was a family resemblance between the two men. That was unarguable, although that alone did not explain the intense feeling of familiarity that Fat Charlie felt on seeing Spider.His brother looked like Fat Charlie wished he looked in his mind, unconstr ained by the faintly disappointing fellow that he saw, with monotonous regularity, in the bathroom mirror. Spider was taller, and leaner, and cooler. He was wearing a black-and-scarlet leather jacket, and black leather leggings, and he looked at home in Within a few days of meeting Spider, Charlie's behavior had already changed. Before he knew It, Charlie was at a bar, drinking wine and talking with a group of girls. Spider had an effect on Charlie that made him act out of character.Caiman does a good job of making these characters completely opposite. In his interview R. LLC Sirius, Agrarian States, â€Å"The lead character in ANSI Boys is divided up into Fat Charlie, our hero, who is very English and very embarrassed, and his brother Spider, who is semi-fictional and god-like and for whom the world just sits up and begs and does more or less whatever he wants to Sirius, 3) Caiman explains to us that Spider is an energetic, attractive, smooth talking man who gets exactly what he w ants and takes on his father's persona.Spider continuously pushes Charlie out of his comfort zone and forces him to stand up for the things he wants in life. Spider shows an interest in Rosier rather quickly and even goes as far as telling her he loves her. This, of course, forces Charlie into a physical altercation with his brother, which shows again the extremes that Spider pushes his brother into. Spider goes to Charlie's work and ultimately gets him in more trouble. Charlie's whole life had been turned upside down because of his brother's selfishness and he reacts by promising to get rid Of him once and for all.After going through these stressful situations, Caiman develops Charlie's character into one that fits into the Nancy family's reputation. Not only did Spider's selfishness push Charlie over the edge, but it also made him into a stronger and more confident person. Through the development of Charlie's character, his relationship with spider develops as well. In the beginni ng of the novel, Charlie was unaware that he had a brother, but, through the many obstacles they face together, Charlie and Spider turn out to be closer than ever.One of the more defining moments that allow us to truly appreciate Charlie's new character is when he gets up to sing karaoke like his dad use to. Even though it was a life or death situation, Charlie would have never been able to sing on stage without getting nauseous a few months before that. Caiman describes exactly what Charlie is feeling in that moment: He was still terrified, still angry, but he took all the terror and the anger, and he put it into the song and let it all become a song about lazing and loving. As he sang, he thought. What would Spider do? Thought Fat Charlie.What would my dad do? He Boys, 243) In that moment, Caiman shows that Charlie IS not the same person that he was in the beginning of the story, but that he turned into the person that he always wanted to be; a person similar to his father and bro ther, who could be comfortable in their own skin. In the interview conducted by RIG Sirius Caiman states, â€Å"Gods and heroes win. â€Å"(RL Sirius, 2) It is evident in the conclusion of this novel that Charlie's character won. Not only did he defeat the ‘bad guy', but he also evolved as a human being and gained a brother and friend.Through all the turmoil, the hero still prevailed and the antagonist was what pushed Charlie to be better. Caiman develops Charlie Nanny's character through interactions with his brother, Spider. Not only does Charlie become a better-rounded person, he also builds a great relationship with his brother, who he never even knew he had. Charlie struggles throughout the novel to keep his composure and get rid of his elfish brother but in return, breaks out of his shell and becomes a person his father could be proud Of.

Affirmative Action Essays (2272 words) - Social Inequality

Affirmative Action Essays (2272 words) - Social Inequality Affirmative Action Affirmative Action Affirmative action has been the subject of increasing debate and tension in American society. Affirmative action is the nations most ambitious attempt to redress the issues of racial and sexual discrimination. According to the University of Rhode Island, Affirmative action is defined as, the specific actions in recruitment, hiring, upgrading and other areas designed and taken for the purpose of eliminating the present effects of past discrimination, or present discrimination (www.riuniversity.edu , 8). This allows minorities and women to be given special consideration in education and many other areas. The need for affirmative action is essential to college admissions credentials. Institutions with affirmative action policies generally set goals for increased diversity and equal opportunity among minority students. Our society is not one of equality, but affirmative action provides a way that problems with inequality can be address to the public. Minorities such as African-Americans, Asians, and Hispanics live mostly in urban areas that have large populations. Therefore, many minorities normally attend lower quality schools. Colleges usually do not take into account that students come from different backgrounds and different quality schools. The students that have better intermediate and secondary schools have an advantage in college admissions, which exclude many minorities. Affirmative action helps students who come from a lower quality secondary school to have a chance to prove themselves in accredited college. Another advantage of affirmative action is that it provides an environment of diversity. Diversity is essential to colleges and students. As part of higher education, students learn from face-to-face interaction with faculty member and other students to work productively inside and outside the classroom. Racial diversity can enhance college atmosphere by improving communications. It can also develop understanding among individuals of different races. Affirmative action can help students overcome prejudices when students discover just how much they have in common with their peers from other races. The educational benefit of affirmative action is that majority of the students who has previously lack significant direct exposure to minorities, frequently have the most to gain from interaction with individuals. Diversity on college and university campuses may be something that helps people expand their mind, or be open to new opportunities. In the article Needed documentation of how affirmative action benefits all students, it discusses how it is essential t colleges and students to have minorities on the campuses (6). In the section, The Evidence for Diversity: Then and Now, it states: In Justice Powells opinion, Baake relied heavily on the Harvard Plan. The admissions policy of Harvard College include justification for considering race as one of many factors used in deciding whom to admit. The plan stated that of Harvard College is to continue to offer first rate education to its students, minority representation in the undergraduate body would be ignored (2). Justice Powell went on to support diversity plan, which was in 1978. I the seventies, the same things were happening as it is today. People were fighting to have their race or someone elses as a factor in college admissions. Although this happened at Harvard in 1978, it continues today all over the United States. The article goes on to state that twenty years later much has changed, yet we still rely on anecdotal evidence to support the claim that a racially diverse student body is essential to quality education (2). Affirmative action dealing with college is still trying to make campuses a more diverse place with a racially diverse student body. Admitting someone into college or a university because they are smart, not only gives them a chance to be someone, but it also allows that campus to be diversified. In the article, Diversity Fades on Campus, it says schools routinely make exceptions for jocks, the children of big donors and alumni, and friends of power brokers. So why shouldnt these same schools be allowed to make exceptions for minority students. Minority students need the same advantages as jocks or students of big donors to have an equal opportunity in school. Affirmative action gives the same exceptions that some students who arent minorities receive t get into college. According to Jackie Snow in the article The Positive Aspects of Affirmative Action the author states that minority and women remain economically disadvantage.

Ancient nubia

Ancient nubia Definition of a civilization According to my definition of a civilization the ancient Nubian qualify in all fields. They have achieved a division of labor, which sparked advanced government, a written language, advanced technology, and a calendar.Division of labor During the Neolithic age, the Nubian people abandoned their hunter-gatherer society and adopted a new way of life, one with farming and raising animals. It created a division of labor. In the early stages there were a few basic occupations one could pursue. Farming, ranching, and medicine making were the most common of the early careers.As the Nubian civilization evolved many other occupations became available to the people. There were need for hotels, markets, bathhouses, artist, priest, and blacksmiths. One could also take a career as a politician, military officer, record keeper or other careers related to the government. Trading was another way to go. Many people made a living by managing the trade with other countries or working on the trade ships.A shell bracelet found in the grave of a Nubian me...The division of labor required Nubian's to stay in one area rather than travel the land by seasons, and in turn that spawned all other aspects of their civilization.Advanced government Before the Nubians had kings or chiefs the people that usually controlled the population controlled the trade. Trade managers were the people who took farmer's cattle or crops and traded them up the river for whatever the farmer wanted. Nubia depended heavily on trade. Without it they would surely perish. Because of this, trade managers eventually became the official rulers of Nubia. Nubia had established an early form of monarchy supported by three different rulers. The royal crown prince, the general of the river, and the prince of akin were the three main areas of power. All of these positions were hereditary. Though the rulers...

1979 Seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca

1979 Seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca The seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979 is a seminal event in the evolution of Islamist terrorism. Yet the seizure is mostly a footnote in contemporary history. It shouldnt be. The Grand Mosque in Mecca is a massive, 7-acre compound that can accommodate some 1 million worshippers at any one time, especially during the annual hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca centered on circling the sacred Kaaba in the heart of the Grand Mosque. The marble mosque in its current shape is the result of a 20-year, $18 billion renovation project began in 1953 by the House of Saud, the ruling monarchy in Saudi Arabia, which considers itself the guardian and custodian of the Arab Peninsula’s holiest sites, the Grand Mosque topmost among them. The monarchy’s contractor of choice was the Saudi Bin Laden Group, led by the man who in 1957, became the father of Osama bin Laden. The Grand Mosque, however, first came to wide Western attention on November 20, 1979. Coffins as Weapons Cache: Seizure of the Grand Mosque At 5 that morning, the final day of the hajj, Sheikh Mohammed al-Subayil, imam of the Grand Mosque, was preparing to address 50,000 worshipers through a microphone inside the mosque. Among the worshipers, what looked like mourners bearing coffins on their shoulders and wearing headbands made their way through the crowd. It wasnt an unusual sight. Mourners often brought their dead for a blessing at the mosque. But they had no mourning in mind. Sheikh Mohammed al-Subayil was shoved aside by men who took machine guns from beneath their robes, fired them in the air and at a few policemen nearby, and yelled to the crowd that â€Å"The Mahdi has appeared!† Mahdi is the Arabic word for messiah. The mourners set their coffins down, opened them up, and produced an arsenal of weaponry that they then brandished and fired at the crowd. That was only part of their arsenal. An Attempted Overthrow by a Would-Be Messiah The attack was led by Juhayman al-Oteibi, a fundamentalist preacher and former member of the Saudi National Guard, and Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani, who claimed to be the Mahdi. The two men openly called for a revolt against the Saudi monarchy, accusing it of having betrayed Islamic principles and sold out to western countries. The militants, who numbered close to 500, were well armed, their weapons, in addition to their coffin arsenal, having been stashed gradually in the days and weeks before the assault in small chambers beneath the Mosque. They were prepared to lay siege to the mosque for a long time. The siege lasted two weeks, though it did not end before a bloodbath in underground chambers where militants had retreated with hundreds of hostagesand bloody repercussions in Pakistan and Iran. In Pakistan, a mob of Islamist students enraged by a false report that the United States was behind the mosque seizure, attacked the American embassy in Islamabad and killed two Americans. Irans Ayatollah Khomeini called the attack and the murders a great joy, and also blamed the seizure on the United States and Israel. In Mecca, Saudi authorities considered attacking the hold-outs without regard for the hostages. Instead, Prince Turki, the youngest son of King Faisal and the man in charge of reclaiming the Grand Mosque, summoned a French secret service officer, Count Claude Alexandre de Marenches, who recommended that the hold-outs be gassed unconscious. Indiscriminate Killing As Lawrence Wright describes it in The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, A team of three French commandos from the Groupe d’Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) arrived in Mecca. Because of the prohibition against non-Muslims entering the holy city, they converted to Islam in a brief, formal ceremony. The commandos pumped gas into the underground chambers, but perhaps because the rooms were so bafflingly interconnected, the gas failed and the resistance continued.With casualties climbing, Saudi forces drilled holes into the courtyard and dropped grenades into the rooms below, indiscriminately killing many hostages but driving the remaining rebels into more open areas where they could be picked off by sharpshooters. More than two weeks after the assault began, the surviving rebels finally surrendered. At dawn on Jan. 9, 1980, in the public squares of eight Saudi cities, including Mecca, 63 Grand Mosque militants were beheaded by sword on orders of the king. Among the condemned, 41 are Saudi, 10 from Egypt, 7 from Yemen (6 of them from what was then South Yemen), 3 from Kuwait, 1 from Iraq and 1 from the Sudan. Saudi authorities report that 117 militants died as a result of the siege, 87 during the fighting, 27 in hospitals. Authorities also noted that 19 militants received death sentences that were later commuted to life in prison. Saudi security forces suffered 127 deaths and 451 wounded. Were the bin Ladens Involved? This much is known: Osama bin Laden would have been 22 at the time of the attack. He would have likely heard Juhayman al-Oteibi preach. The Bin Laden Group was still heavily involved in the renovation of the Grand Mosque: the company’s engineers and workers had open access to the mosque’s grounds, Bin Laden trucks were inside the compound frequently, and bin Laden workers were familiar with the compound’s every recess: they built some of them. It would be a stretch, however, to assume that because the bin Ladens were involved in construction, they were also involved in the attack. What’s also known is that the company shared all maps and layouts they had of the mosque with authorities to facilitate the Saudi Special Forces’ counter-attack. It would not have been in the bin Laden Group’s interest, enriched as it had become almost exclusively through Saudi government contracts, to aid the regime’s opponents. Just as certainly, what Juhayman al-Oteibi and the â€Å"Mahdi† were preaching, advocating and rebelling against is almost word for word, eye for an eye, what Osama bin Laden would preach and advocate subsequently. The Grand Mosque takeover was not an al-Qaeda operation by any means. But it would become an inspiration, and a stepping stone, to al-Qaeda less than a decade and a half later.